Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Article Example different places or that are at different dedifferentiation stages are very distinguished in their cell motility (Yamazaki, Kurisu, and Takenawa, 2009). Rho motility is shown in single cancer cells, the amoeboid cells are round and their motility relies on the Rho/ROCK kinase. Mesenchymal motility cells are elongated and bipolar and these cells can also switch to amoeboid motility through treatment with protease inhibitors. Rho cell motility is regulated through the process of cytoskeletal restructuring and some studies have shown them to be deregulated in select tumors. Research has indicated that Rho signaling dictate the round morphology and the motility of the cells in 3D matrices. To fully comprehend and understand cell invasion research must continue to study how the Rho families of proteins are regulated in the cancer cell. In 3D substrates round cells have a higher concentration of RhoA. Several related Rho activated proteins are being shown to inhibit cancer cell growth. Nguyen, Quang-Dà ©, et al. "Commutators of PAR-1 Signaling in Cancer Cell Invasion Reveal an Essential Role of the Rho-Rho Kinase Axis and Tumor Microenvironment."  Oncogene  24.56 (2005): 8240-51.  OxResearch; ProQuest Central.  Web. 10 Dec. 2012. Yamazaki, D., S. Kurisu, and T. Takenawa. "Involvement of Rac and Rho Signaling in Cancer Cell Motility in 3D Substrates."Oncogene  28.13 (2009): 1570-83.  OxResearch; ProQuest Central.  Web. 10 Dec.

The time growing mostly cotton Essay Example for Free

The time growing mostly cotton Essay And has a very caring side to her. Cassie is the main character and the narrator of the story and we see how black people in the book lived like through her eyes. She is very loyal to her family and sticks up for Little Man when me is told off for stamping on his book. She gives the book back to Miz Crocker. I turned around. Miz Crocker I said I dont want my book either so little mad wouldnt think that he was the only one with the same feeling. Cassie is a rebellious girl and doesnt try to blend in with the crowd. She doesnt chant along with the others in the class. After the sabotage of the bus Cassie is very scared for the safety of her family if the whites found out that it was then that did it, through the we see how scared the blacks got when they had done something bad or wrong to the whites. Stacey is the oldest child of the family and is one of the most featured in the first four chapters. We learn a lot about his views on the world and his way of living. He is very honest above all else and despises cheating. He rejects T. J. s plea to help him get the questions on the big history test that was coming up see, if you were smart like me Stacey, youd use that old brain of yours to get the questions on the big test. Stacey doesnt even have to say a word for the answer to become known. Stacey cast a annoyed look at T. J. but didnt speak. Shows his determination not to cheat. But he does have a very bad temper and when T. J. frames him for cheating he goes down to the Wallaces and has a fight with him. He is very protective of his younger brothers and sister. And when they are splashed by the bus he works out a plan to sabotage the bus. He is independent minded and doesnt really care if he is told the latest gossip from T. J. Now this kind of information aint for the ears of you little kids so I shouldnt even tell yall Then dont said Stacey The Logans as a family have lots of values of which they all stand for which are, Honesty, Pride, Hardworking and Independent. The Wallaces are the local shop owners and they are the ones that lend the goods on credit. They share the typical white view of that time, that whites were better than blacks, and the Wallaces were one of the familys that took there own actions against the blacks, they were members in the Klu Klux Klan and they were responsible for the burnings of the berry men. For enjoyment the Wallaces like to laugh at the Blacks that go there to drink, smoke and dance and they really like it when whites fight amongst themselves. Harlan Granger is a very rich white land owner. His family used to own the plantations back when slavery was legal in the south. He is the main owner of the land around there and nearly all the sharecroppers worked on his land. He was the one who backed the credit at the Wallace store. He dreams of the time when he will have as much land as his family previously had. He pressures the Logans to sell their land to him. Jeremy is a white boy in the story, but unlike the rest of the whites in the book Jeremy wants to be friend with the Logan children but they reject him. He doesnt think of himself as better that the Logans and he never got the bus no matter what the weather was like. He takes allot of stick for trying to be friendly with the Logans. Mr Morrison is Mr Logans friend. They met on the railroads. Mr Morrison was sacked from his job on the rail roads and hadnt been able to get any work for months. So Mr Logan decided to hire him as a handy-man but he also hired him to help protect the family. He is a very big and strong man, the children refer to him when they first see him for the first time as big as a tree. When the Knight Riders come to the farm, he is standing in the field with a shotgun ready if they start any trouble. He also explains to Stacey after the fight with T. J.that he isnt going to tell mama about the fight but is going to let Stacey do it, this shows his trust in him. T. J Avery is Staceys best friend. But is starting to lose his way. He tries to cheat on the big history test and when then he is about to get caught he passes the notes to Stacey and Stacey gets caught. He often goes up to the Wallace store and always triesto get out of hard work by not being around. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mildred Taylor section.

The Great Gatsby - Chapter 1 Essay example -- English Literature

The Great Gatsby - Chapter 1 Read the beginning of the novel chapter 1 up to page 12 â€Å"Tom Buchanan in his riding clothes was standing with his legs apart on the front porch.† How effective do you find this as an introduction to Great Gatsby. In your response you should pay close attention to voice, language and style. The Great Gatsby was written by F Scott Fitzgerald in 1925, and is set during 1922, a period tinged with moral failure of a society obsessed with class and privilege. Fitzgerald presents us with the conflict between the illusion and the reality of the American dream. The novel begins in the present tense, and is told through the eyes of Nick Carraway, the narrator and moral centre of the novel. His tale is told in retrospect. Nick Carraway is a young man from the Mid West, introducing himself as a graduate of Yale and a veteran of World War One. He begins the first chapter by relaying his father’s advice: â€Å"Whenever you feel like criticizing anyone, just remember that all the people in this world haven’t had the same advantages as you’ve had.† He states that he is also â€Å"inclined to reserve all judgement† about people and be a tolerant listener; who is entrusted with people’s secrets. This encourages him to withhold formulating opinions about people until he gets to know them, demonstrating his caution. Nick puts himself forward explicitly, as someone with an above average â€Å"sense of fundamental decencies† which now manifests itself as a wish for â€Å"the world to be in uniform and at a moral attention forever†. This military perspective clearly shows Nick has something of an authoritarian character with a developed instinct for discipline and order. These first pages of Chapter one... ...ds the end of page 9 the reader is given a sense of time and a positive idea of how the modern world is progressing, through the metaphor of â€Å"growing trees† and the â€Å"burst of leaves† creating new life that has potential just like the American Dream. â€Å"Fast movies† (p.9) and the â€Å"telephone† (p.12) symbolise the Twentieth –century technological environment. The growth of cinemas, cars, boats is recognised by the twenties as a decade of mass media and mass production in America. The novel raises the issue of individual worth in such a context. In contrast to this materialistic world, Daisy’s name evokes a delicate flower. The irony here is that her life is conducted in an entirely manufactured environment, distant from the natural world. The key structure of the chapter is the combination of first person narrative and the gradual revelation of the past.

Responces To Hunger :: essays research papers

Although hunger and starvation are prevalent in our nation, Americans have turned their backs to this problem. We have turned our backs because we have been conditioned and desensitized by the media, to the issue of hunger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Classical conditioning is “the process by which a stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response.'; Classical conditioning is like the famous case of Pavlov’s dogs that we learned about in Psychology 101: The dogs learn to associate the ringing of the bell with food, and, once conditioned, the dogs could not hear the bell without salivating.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Japanese were masters at using classical conditioning with their solders. Early in World War II, Chinese prisoners were placed in a ditch on their knees with their hands bound behind them. And one by one, a select few Japanese soldiers would go into the ditch and bayonet “their'; prisoners to death. Up on the bank, countless other young soldiers would cheer them on in their violence. Comparatively few soldiers actually killed in these situations, but by making the others watch and cheer, the Japanese were able to use these kinds of atrocities to classically condition a very large audience to associate pleasure with human death and suffering. Immediately afterwards, the soldiers who had been spectators were treated to sake, the best meal they had in months, and so-called comfort girls. The result? They learned to associate committing violent acts with pleasure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are also some clear-cut examples of classical conditioning established by the media today. Our culture watches vivid pictures of human suffering and death, and we learn to associate it with our favorite soft drink and candy bar, or our girlfriend’s/boyfriend’s perfume/cologne. This occurs at the movies or even at home watching TV we laugh and cheer and keep right on eating popcorn and drinking pop while in front of us are images of death. We are in a generation where we have learned to associate the media with pleasure. So it is no surprise that when we view starving people in the world we are not startled, or very upset by the images displayed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Operant conditioning is the process by which a response becomes more or less likely to occur, depending on its consequence. Children, of course cry for many valid reasons; pain, discomfort, fear, illness, fatigue and their cries deserve an adult’s sympathy and attention.

A Different History Analysis Essay

In the poem â€Å"A Different History† by Sujata Bhatt, the poet speaks about culture identity, the importance of language, and religion. Bhatt describes the history of India during the British colonization days, from her point of view – from the side of the oppressed. Her strong diction portrays her emotions clearly. The varied structure and tone between the two stanzas of the poem highlights the differences between the cultures and emotions she feels. Bhatt creates an impression of freedom and peace when she describes her country in the first stanza. The two lines, â€Å"Here, the gods roam freely,† â€Å"Every tree is sacred† describe the Indian culture. They represent the â€Å"old India†, before the British had conquered it. However, in the next line, the mood of the poem differs. The poet emphasizes how wrong it is to disrespect books (nature) with the repetition of the words â€Å"a sin†. It portrays a different side to the Indian culture – one with customs and rules that must be followed. Bhatt addresses her own culture, (ll. 9-14) as it could symbolize the importance of maintaining the firm and religious beliefs of the Indian culture. See more: Experiment on polytropic process Essay Towards the end of the first stanza, the poem’s tone changes into one that is very pleading. There is a distinct change from a very calm tone to an interrogative one. â€Å"You must learn how to turn the pages gently / without disturbing Sarasvati, / without offending the tree / from whose wood the paper was made.† She seems as though she is commanding, or rather begging the oppressors to tread lightly, to adjust slowly to her culture, and to learn how to be gentle with it. This is the difference between the previous lines – at first she was addressing her culture, but in these lines she is referring to the British. She uses the terms â€Å"books†, â€Å"paper†, and â€Å"wood† to refer to her culture. The â€Å"tree† represents her ancestors, and â€Å"the paper† represents the future generation. These comparisons have a strong effect; they make the reader think about the way he or she is treating nature. In the second stanza, Bhatt indents to highlight the difference between the two things she’s talking about. The first stanza talks about how precious books are and how they should be respected. It gives us an insight to India’s old culture. On the other hand, in the beginning of the next stanza, she speaks about language and the â€Å"new  India†. Bhatt begins the second stanza with rhetorical questions. â€Å"Which language / has not been the oppressor’s tongue? / Which language / truly meant to murder someone?† The poet is trying to point out that many languages become the language of a country because they were once the language of the people that conquered them. She is referring to the loss of her native language. It adds a tinge of humor and mockery, since she is already speaking in English. The poem ends with an ironic statement. â€Å"the unborn grandchildren / grow to love that strange language.† Bhatt refers to herself as the â€Å"unborn grandchildren†. After expressing her feelings of anger about the murder of her language, she still writes in English – she still grew to love the English language. Bhatt clearly expresses what she feels about her culture. She shows that even though her culture is being destroyed and left behind because of foreign conquerors, she still remembers her motherland and the roots that link her to it. Through the different structured sections, she was able to show the readers the difference in culture and feelings she has.

Shawnee Prophet essays

Shawnee Prophet essays The goals of Tenskwatawa were to unite all the Indians into an intertribal confederacy under his leadership, stop the American land encroachment and ensure Indian survival. Tenskwatawa preached and demanded sobriety, monogamy, an end to witchcraft, and an end to all relations with the Americans based on visions he had in a dream. He called for total rejection of American culture and denounced the selling of Indian lands. Even though Tenskwatawa was not a gifted speaker or great warrior, he used his gifts of manipulation, forcefulness and persistence to convince other Indians to follow his teachings which were essentially Native and encouraged a return to communal life. Initially, he dominated the Indian movement attracting followers, first to Greenville, Ohio and then to Prophetstown on the Wabash. Prophetstown became a center for Indian resistance as his teachings spread rapidly. The Prophet attracted a considerable following, especially among the younger, more radical warriors. The tribe was cleansed of liquor and evildoers, and other tribes took notice and came to join the Shawnee at Prophetstown. This was the first step in the culmination of Tenskwatawas vision of Indian unity. For a very long time, the majority of people, Indian and both American and British viewed him as the main authority figure at Prophetstown. For the next several years, epidemics spread through the tribes and harsh winters brought famine. These and other misfortunes caused some members of other tribes to be even more suspicious of Tenskwatawas power. Many tribesmen began to believe he was no different from anyone else and left Prophetstown. However, the Battle of Tippecanoe was perhaps most devastating to the aspirations and dreams of the Prophet and his people. The failure of Prophets military leadership and magic to protect Prophetstown was a major factor in the decline o f his influence and most importantly, any lasting ...

Training and Developing Employees Essays

Training and Developing Employees Essays Training and Developing Employees Essay Training and Developing Employees Essay Name: Course: Instructor: Date: Training and Developing Employees How is training different from development? Training and development are two different terms in terms of their definition, applicability and interpretation. Training and development is used for enhancing the employee skills and competencies for better execution of tasks, duties and responsibilities delegated to them by the management. Training is defined as the use of programs to enhance the skills and competencies of the employees in relation to the tasks, duties and responsibilities delegated to them by the management (York, 221). In talking to the city manager which would you highlight as having the capacity to deal with short-term problems? Training could be used to deal with both long-term and short-term challenges in the workplace. Training is used as an immediate as well as a forward-looking approach in enhancing the skills of the employees. The short-term challenges could be the need to replace individuals in various positions necessitating the need for quick training to employees to prepare them for new tasks, responsibilities and duties, which are associated with the new positions provided by the management. On the other hand, development of the employees is a forward looking approach and used in an organization to help personal development of the employees in their positions. Additionally, employees could gain knowledge and skills, which enable to develop in the organization as well as outside of the organization (York, 247). Which would require a more long-term approach? Development of employees requires relatively longer periods as the process aims at changing individual perception and skills of an individual in assuming a specific line of career. Hence, it focuses on the overall growth of an individual or employee in a given line of employment. Development focuses on the growth of an employee in terms of rise in hierarchy because of gaining experience skills and knowledge to suit a specific line of career of employment in an organization. In addition, the development of the employees focuses on helping them prepare for better opportunities in any organizational setting hence it is not restricted to a specific organization. Which would be more suited for helping address any problems related to succession planning among managers? Succession planning is usually based on the assumption of anew position by an employee within the organization. This is enhanced by the management through development of the employees in anticipation of assuming the new positions left vacant by other employees. In addition, the development of the employees enables them to use the skills gained in training in anticipation for the new positions in the organization (York, 253). Approaches such as coaching the employees in enhancing their capabilities to assume higher positions and more responsibilities are enhanced by adequate training of the employees for their presupposed new roles. At times, organizations assume that handing over new positions is automatic and that employees assuming new positions have the adequate knowledge and skills to execute the tasks, duties and handling responsibilities associated with the new positions. This is unfounded in that; there is need for developing employees over longer periods and molding them to assume higher positions or different positions in the organization Conclusively, training and development are intertwined activities in contemporary organizations. This is because they entail the use of resources in the organization to enhance the skills and knowledge of the employees. The differences between training and development are brought about by the goals and the achievements desired by the approaches (York, 256). The training of the employees is based on immediacy in terms of the need of qualified individuals with skills and knowledge related to a particular employee position in the organization. On the other hand, development usually relates to the use of training to enhance and enable individual development and growth in the organization. It essentially focuses on growth of the employee in the organization and preparing the employee for positions either within or outside the organization. Work Cited York, Kenneth M. â€Å"Training and Developing Employees† Applied Human Resource Management: Strategic Issues and Experiential Exercises. Los Angeles: Sage, 2010. Print.

Your Opinion and Mine

Your Opinion and Mine In every wood in every spring there is a different green. ~ J. R. R. Tolkien (The Fellowship of the Ring) Recently theres been bru-ha-ha over Goodreads. About how readers and authors dont mix. How some authors dont like a lot of the reviews and threaten reviewers, and about how reviewers feel the latitude to crucify writers without ramifications. And I shook my head at the squabble amongst children. There are trolls out there. Ive banned them myself. Oh, you dont want my opinion? I was asked. This is just about siding with Hope Clark? I did not answer. I dont believe in arguing with children. As the persons posts  escalated, demeaning me and others, feeling free and unchecked, I just blocked her. No drama, no explanation, no last retort. My followers deserve better. My time is worth more. When you have a Facebook or Twitter account, or blog, or write op-eds anywhere, you are entitled to your opinion. Deliver it with intelligence and professionalism and expect feedback. But it crosses the line of maturity when one side or the other demands to be heard, demands to be right, and curses the other side for being different. You cannot win arguing with those people. You cant win arguing period. Because when you reach the level of arguing, which means you ditch adult debate, you are flexing your muscles saying your dad is bigger and can whip your dad. Which sounds like just what it is . . . playground banter.  Lately were even hearing about adults taking this squabble to the point of threats. I want to pinch their heads off, on both sides. Nobody able to keep their bloody mouths shut. So many wanting to snap and win. Tell me thiswhat do you win if you indeed best the other side? You dont, because youve exposed your ass to the world and you cant unsee whats been seen. Asses are rarely pretty. Ive received some silly reviews, silly in my opinion. I let them stand, mainly because I recognize that reviewer as having an opinion, too. I dont ask for explanation. Why? The majority of my reviews love the books. Thats my focus, not the oddities. Not the anomalies. Not the folks who feel empowered at a keyboard. Ill let the numbers speak. Obsessing over the one bad review undermines all the good ones, draws attention to it. Frankly, the good reviews prove that the bad review holds less value. All without arguing. I repeat . . . all without arguing. Ill respect your right to review as you please, and you respect my right to write as I please. My stories may swear, bleed or have sex. You may not like stories that swear, bleed or have sex. But I dont believe in the reviewer slashing the author, her life, or her beliefs over how she tells a tale. And I dont believe in an author doing the same against a reviewer. I know where you live, has no place in this profession, from either side. When you take it personal, you show the world you have a thin skin, and that your focus is not where it should be . . . on reading and writing good books.

Which factors shaped and influenced Al-Jazeera Arabic and the Daily Dissertation

Which factors shaped and influenced Al-Jazeera Arabic and the Daily Mail Newspaper coverage of the Iraq war Shock and Awe 2003 Campaign - Dissertation Example The present study looks for investigating into the dynamics that paved the way towards influencing Al-Jazeera Television Network and Daily Mail newspaper for continuously observing the shock and awe strategy while making coverage of the events during the Gulf War of 2003. The media is aptly criticized for aggravating the situation before and during the course of war by creating unnecessary thrill and excitement just to capture the already shocked world by telecasting and printing sizzling news in such a manner that seldom come under the definition of responsible and professional journalism. Consequently, the media came under cloud for deviating from the established norms, values, customs and traditions that had been an essential part of its professional ethics for the last several decades. Somehow, the other school of thought declares shock and awe policy as a sign of benevolence on the part of media for saving the world from the possibility of war in the Gulf region. Thus, media rai sed strong voice against the war in order to prevent its obnoxious entry in the cultured and civilized world of 21st century. There is no suspicion in the very fact that the US invasion on Iraq served as an astounding event of the modern era, which startled the entire world at large by capturing even the remotest regions of the globe in its fold, the journalists belonging to every country reached in the war zone in order to make unprecedented coverage to the chronicle of events leading towards the horrors of war. Though an overwhelming majority of news channels pretended neutrality, few papers appeared to be supporting one side out of sheer prejudice they maintained for their nation and community. It was particularly the case with the famous Qatar based Arabic Al-Jazeera Television network and the UK based Daily Mail Newspaper, as both of them observed the shock and awe policy regarding the conflict between the forces of the USA and Iraq during the former’s war preparations a gainst the latter in the wake of 9/11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre, New York. It was the era when the entire globe appeared to be undergoing the extreme state of polarization, and conflict between the civilizations appeared inevitable. The then US president George Bush had already declared the terrorists’ attacks on WTC as the beginning of the so called holy crusade to be launched against the Muslims, who had deliberately targeted the Christian territory. It is therefore, he entered into conversation with the western and Christian powers within a week from the destruction of World Trade Center, in which he reiterated his ambitions to launch crusade in order to fight against terrorism everywhere in the world. Such kind of emotions was not confined to George Bush only; rather, he transferred and projected the same extremist sentiments to the political and press allies all over the globe. The same feelings were patronized by the press in their campaign was actuall y the strife to nullify the shock and awe propaganda of each other both sides had launched before the US attack on Iraq. The main objective behind both these media forums was just to suppress and condemn the atrocities of the two for protecting the masses from the horrible affects of war. Shock and awe trembles the nerves of the rival forces and masses, and defeat them psychologically even before the beginning of the war. The US media had already launched campaign against the war provided the world had witnessed the sorry state of her forces in Afghanistan. Somehow, few channels aimed to create unabated harassment against the so called terrorist designs articulated by Saddam Hussein in such a way that the American subjects looked for the destruction of Saddam network for their own safety and protection. The Bush administration added fuel to fire by narrating false tales about the presence of still unexplored chemical

Business Planning and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Planning and Development - Essay Example The company offered the products and features that were acceptable by the customers. This not only increased the sale rate but also reduced the cost of products. The cost leadership strategy had a positive impact on the company. It ignored the different market segments and focused on the mass market (Porter 1997). The advantages of employing this strategy were that the company charged lower prices, yet got the same profit. The market shares were protected from the rivals. The business had opportunity to reduce its price to compete with the substitute products. All these advantages have secured the business and gave the rivals and competitors a hard time. The difficulties that the company had faced were the technological advancements that the rivals have brought, like better features in low price. The imitation ability of the rival was another hurdle for the company (Cost Leadership Strategy 2010). Following the low cost strategy, our company has targeted less market as compared to ri vals to have a balance between price and cost of the product. The other difficulty that the industry has encountered was related to the market share. Some of the rivals also opted for the low cost leadership strategy due which our market shares reduced. ... The biggest challenge for our company was to provide unique services to the customer and to satisfy maximum number of customers. In achieving this target, we have invested and worked a lot. We have hired consultants, creative teams and professional marketing staff. All of these helped in making a position in the market and increasing the sales and profit of the company. The plans that the company has for future includes expansion of target market, enhancement of customization for the consumers and increase in production units. This requires more assets and operating expense. For that, the company needs loan from the bank so that the operations and sales do not get messed up due to lack of expenses and opportunities. The trade off related to these expansions may be the cost versus benefits. The benefit that the company may get is the profit. And the cost is the cost of expansion and other operating expenses. Benefits and costs are often expressed in monetary terms and are adjusted wit h the money value, which makes the flow of benefits and of costs to be expressed on a common basis of their actual and present value. Â  The biggest problem with this trade off is the accuracy. It’s not necessary that the estimation of the cost and its benefits is always estimated accurately. If the things do not work out, the cost versus benefit may subject risk of bankruptcy. For that, the company must have enough operating expense by which it can keep the company working. The establishment of the business requires a lot of sacrifices and commitment. On a personal note, the commitments that I had to make include the sacrifices of one’s own needs. The lack of prioritizing basic

Discuss the effects of digital technologies on cinema. To what extent Essay

Discuss the effects of digital technologies on cinema. To what extent are pre-digital filmmaking methods and filmmaking practice - Essay Example Digital cinema is defined as the use of digital technology to project and distribute motion pictures.   The process of doing this is called digital cinematography. Therefore cinematography is defined as the use of digital technologies to capture motion pictures in the form of digital images instead of capturing them on a film. The images are captured on hard disks, tapes, flash memory and other media capable of recording digital data. Examples of such digital film-making technologies are Phantom HD High Speed camera, Thomson Viper, Red Digital camera, Genesis, Arrflex D-20 and noX 2K d-cinema and digital projectors. The introduction of such technologies has ushered in yet another new era of digital cinematography (Barda, 2002).   Digital imagery existed as from 1980s as evidenced by Disney’s Tron produced in 1982. This was the first movie to contain high-resolution. However, the first film in digital format was marketed in 1997. From that time henceforth, cinema has experi enced technical and social changes as a result of digital technology. ... The effects of digital technologies on cinema Positive effects The arrival of the digital technologies brought a sharp division between the old and new media. From experience, film-makers confess that the entrance of digital technologies in the movie making industry has enabled them to ‘tell stories that were not possible to tell before’ and achieve higher levels of realism in their movies. They have also been enabled to impress the cinema audience with effects that were previously unseen. For example, using the digital technologies, movie makers have been able to make shots that are more impressive than those that could have been produced using the pre-digital technologies. Therefore, we can say that the entry of digital technology has created new, great possibilities for cinema. Each of the positive impacts of digital technology on cinema is explained in the following paragraphs. Digital technologies allows film-makers to focus more on actor actions because digital vid eo equipment enables them to be closer to the actors and even being inside the action as it unfolds. This gives them a chance of conducting a more legitimate filmic approach leading to the inclusion of minor details in the movie, something that could not be easily achieved with pre-digital technologies. A legitimate filmic approach helps to reduce unnecessary levels of suspense created by failure to bring out some parts of the movie that need close range shots (Ganz and Khathib, 2006). According to Kotian (2005), digitalization of cinema has led to production of movies that have high abilities of attracting and retaining audience attention due to the special

Goodbye Mother by Reinaldo Arenas Research Paper - 1

Goodbye Mother by Reinaldo Arenas - Research Paper Example The short story opens with the death of the personas mother. The mother is portrayed as a powerful figure that has overall authority over her children. He recalls how the mother was strict and looked after them with an iron fist. The mother is symbolic of the country, Cuba. They loved their country, but with the revolution, it is constantly changing from the beautiful place they once knew to an ugly, terrible state â€Å"haven’t you notice the smell, the flies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦?† The country is now ruled by dictators, and all the good things are slowly dying (Arenas, pg.316). They have been replaced by beetles, flies, rats and maggots, which have been used metaphorically to refer to the oppressors. Since the coming of the Cuban revolution to power, the people have been oppressed. After the collapse of their motherland, the citizens display their loyalty to their country by choosing to die for it. He is gives a detailed description of the disgraceful behavior of the oppressors by using the flies and maggots to give a vivid a picture. After days of decomposition, the bodies have a started to rot and maggots have invaded it. It displays the rot in the revolution and how the oppressors are devouring the countries resources and mistreating the citizens. After the death of the mother, the sisters stab themselves to death as a sign of solidarity. This signifies the collapse of the pillars of the country. The social and economic aspects of the community are all eroded â€Å"watch how we gracefully glide over the field and garden doomed†¦.† During the revolution era, the country experiences so many calamities (Arenas, pg.316). Cuba suffered massive abuse of power and mistreatment by the dictators. In the Short story, flies have been used metaphorically to compare them to the behaviors and style of leadership employed by the dictators. The dictators have executed and massacred the martyrs, and the young adolescent boys shot in the firing squad. They are

Introduction to Computer Networks TCPIP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to Computer Networks TCPIP - Essay Example If IP works so well, why a need is felt to change The primary motivation for change arises from the limited address space. When IP was defined, only a few compute networks existed. The designers decided to use 32 bits for an IP address because doing so allowed the Internet to include over a million networks. However, with a rapid exponential growth in the global Internet, the primary motivation for defining a new version of IP arose from the address space limitation, as larger addresses are necessary to accommodate continued growth of the Internet. Besides addressing, the most common problems faced by the TCP/IP were routing and connectivity issues. Secondary motivations for changes in IP have risen from new Internet applications. For example, applications that deliver audio and video need to deliver data at regular intervals. To keep such information flowing through the Internet without disruption, IP must avoid changing routes frequently. Although the current IP datagram header includes a field that can be used to request a type of service, the protocol did not define a type of service that can be used for real-time delivery of audio and video. New applications are being developed that require more complex addressing and routing capabilities. Thus, a new version of IP needs to include mechanisms that make addressing and routing possible. (Douglas) The current version of IP, which possesses the main drawback of address space, routing and connectivity, is version 4 so it is referred to as Ipv4. Ipv6 is the official name of IPng (Internet Protocol next generation) Features of Ipv4 and Ipv6 1. Connectionless - each datagram contains a destination address, and each datagram is routed independently. 2. The header in a datagram contains a maximum number of hops the datagram can take before being discarded. 3. Ipv4 places key information in fixed fields of the header and only appends variable-length options for less important information while Ipv6 header is always of variable size. (Douglas) Reasons for changing Ipv4 to Ipv6 Larger and better Network management of Address Space: The most considerable reason for the decision of changing from Ipv4 to Ipv6 is the smooth management of the IPv6 network. As the answer to the lack of address space, IPv6 holds a potential for a network the size of which has never been seen before. The manner in which the network is managed will to a great extent determine whether this huge network will function. The main objectives, which are visualized in network management, would be: 1. Display the distinct hierarchy embedded in the IPv6 address architecture, 2. Show topographical data simultaneously to the hierarchy, 3. Make peripheral data easily available, and 4. In doing so, aid in the process of network management. Ipv6 research and ideology basically revolves around network management. This is because most of the problems in IPv4, which IPv6 is created to

Goodbye Mother by Reinaldo Arenas Research Paper - 1

Goodbye Mother by Reinaldo Arenas - Research Paper Example The short story opens with the death of the personas mother. The mother is portrayed as a powerful figure that has overall authority over her children. He recalls how the mother was strict and looked after them with an iron fist. The mother is symbolic of the country, Cuba. They loved their country, but with the revolution, it is constantly changing from the beautiful place they once knew to an ugly, terrible state â€Å"haven’t you notice the smell, the flies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦?† The country is now ruled by dictators, and all the good things are slowly dying (Arenas, pg.316). They have been replaced by beetles, flies, rats and maggots, which have been used metaphorically to refer to the oppressors. Since the coming of the Cuban revolution to power, the people have been oppressed. After the collapse of their motherland, the citizens display their loyalty to their country by choosing to die for it. He is gives a detailed description of the disgraceful behavior of the oppressors by using the flies and maggots to give a vivid a picture. After days of decomposition, the bodies have a started to rot and maggots have invaded it. It displays the rot in the revolution and how the oppressors are devouring the countries resources and mistreating the citizens. After the death of the mother, the sisters stab themselves to death as a sign of solidarity. This signifies the collapse of the pillars of the country. The social and economic aspects of the community are all eroded â€Å"watch how we gracefully glide over the field and garden doomed†¦.† During the revolution era, the country experiences so many calamities (Arenas, pg.316). Cuba suffered massive abuse of power and mistreatment by the dictators. In the Short story, flies have been used metaphorically to compare them to the behaviors and style of leadership employed by the dictators. The dictators have executed and massacred the martyrs, and the young adolescent boys shot in the firing squad. They are

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 32

Discussion - Essay Example In addition, crowding is usually associated with poverty since poor households are usually at higher risks of catching fire (Jennings, 1996). Fire incidences in crowded areas have always had severe impacts as compared to areas that are less crowded. Usually, low income earning families usually live in masses that include the extended family and friends owing to the lack of affordable housing. This increases the number of victims in cases of fire (Jennings, 1996). In addition, Jennings (1996) argues that when many people are in a household, it makes it difficult to rescue everyone especially for old people and children who cannot run from the fire. Crowded homes are a suggestion that the members are poor, thus their houses possibly lack smoke detectors. In case a fire occurs the occupants will have limited time to escape and thus makes them unable to reach neighboring households and alert or rescue them. It is imperative that safety measures be taken to address the fire issue in crowded areas so as to save lives in case of fire

Jose Garcia Villa Essay Example for Free

Jose Garcia Villa Essay â€Å"When you are old and beautiful, And things most difficult are done, There will be few who can recall Your face as it is ravaged now By youth and its oppressive choice.† -At Majority Punched. The many memorabilia and personal trinkets of one of the most famous writers in Philippine literature surprisingly epitomized the exact contradictory, or some will say the exact sentiment, of the lines of the beautiful poem above. The personal touch of the displays in the 2nd floor gallery brought an intimate ambience to the whole exhibit, and it brought to light another aspect of a renowned writer apart from his professional excellence. Jose Garcia Villa is one of the most eminent Filipino writers of all times, and the Rizal Library and the Department of Interdisciplinary Studies collaborated to bring to the Ateneo de Manila University a collection of Villa’s books and papers from his own personal library. Hung on the walls were frames relating Villa’s biography. From his childhood through his foreign stints to his success, the story was completely divulged to the visitors. There was also a timeline of the writer’s personal and professional milestones. Personal letters from EE Cummings, Nick Joaquin, and some of his other idols and friends in the literature field were also there. Villa supposedly decided to be a writer after he had read Cumming’s works, and Villa’s personal favorite from Cumming’s work was exhibited. Sherwood Anderson was also one of his influences. It was also fascinating to read his very first poem about love. Dated on 1925, his handwriting and writing style was simplistic yet elegant since then. There was also a poem for Marky Mark or Mark Wahlberg, discussing his very attractive physique. Copies of hardbound editions of his poem collections, trial publication designs, and several original old print of his works were displayed. There were also special editions of his works such as 55 Poems with his own signature and a handsome-boxed edition which is now a collector’s item. It was also said that his first love was drawing, and frames of his own old personal drawings were hung. There were also pictures of him from his youth to his old age. There was one picture of him with Manuel Arguilla, a friend he hangs out with when in Manila, which especially haunted me. His typewriter was also showcased in the exhibit. I was also impressed to find out that Villa is only the second Filipino to be published by Penguin; the first was national hero, Rizal. He was really larger than life. I was particularly taken by one of the poem displayed, At Majority. For me, it immortalizes into words how the Filipinos and his readers will now remember Villa- a beautiful sliver of words and poetry, a figure larger than words, deeper than his writings, and even more beautiful and remembered even in his death.

George Berkeley Philosophy Summary Essay

George Berkeley Philosophy Summary Essay George Berkeley is a prominent thinker and philosopher of the 18th century which is known for his system of spiritualistic philosophy. He developed the thesis that â€Å"existence is the thing that is perceived or the one who perceives (Berman 1995). He lived and worked in the era of the industrial revolution, technological progress and the great scientific discoveries that shed light on the nature of the world; in an era when religion began to lose its centuries-long position in the minds of people, giving place to the scientific and philosophical outlook. Originally from Ireland, the oldest British colony, Berkeley was the eldest of seven children in the family of the landed nobleman. From a young age his life was connected with religion and schooling, he put all his strength into the creation of a philosophical system, designed to eliminate atheism and the related materialist philosophy. The history of philosophical thought Berkeley entered as one of the most prominent representatives of idealism. His works pursue the only goal to remove the cornerstone of matter from the system of atheists, after which the entire building will inevitably collapse.† (Turbayne 1982). The philosophical system created by Berkeley, was exposed and is still subjected by the deserved criticism. At the same time, it has its followers. His works are still being studying and are of a great interest for philosophers. The English philosopher George Berkeley (1685-1753) criticized the concepts of matter as a real basis (substance) of bodies, as well as the Newton’s theory of space as a repository of all natural bodies, and the J. Locke’s theory of the origin of the matter and space concepts. Berkeley remarked that the basis of the matter is the assumption that we can, apart from the particular properties of things, form the abstract idea of the common for all of them material as a kind of substrate. However, according to Berkeley, it is impossible: we do not have the sensory perception of matter; our perception of each item is expanded without any residue on the perception of a certain sum of individual sensations or ideas. Indeed, in this case there will nothing remain from the matter: it seems to be dissolved in some â€Å"fog† of uncertainty, which in general can not influence anything. So, here is an aphoristic postulate of Berkeley: â€Å"To be – means to be in perception.† (Ewing1957). The philosophical ideas of Berkeley and his atheist position lead us to the following conclusion. If there is no God, then the things we consider the material objects must have a spasmodic life: suddenly emerged at the moment of perception, they immediately would disappear as soon they leave the field of view of the perceiving subject. But, Berkeley argued that due to the constant vigil of God, everything in the world (trees, rocks, crystals, etc.) exists constantly, as a good sense befits. Berkeley was an outstanding writer, who had an elegant style (by the way, his numerous works he wrote when he was 28!). He was not only a priest (Bishop in Cloyne,Ireland) and a philosopher but a psychologist also.Berkeley tried to prove that we perceive only the properties of things: how these things affect our senses, but we do not grasp the very essence of things, even though the properties are relative to the perceiving subject. Sensory impressions are the phenomena of the psyche. The philosophical doctrine of George Berkeley is aimed at a refutation of materialism and the justification of religion. For this purpose he used the nominalistic principles, established by William Ockham. The doctrine, created Berkeley is a subjective idealism. Rejecting the existence of matter, it recognizes the existence only of the human mind, in which Berkeley distinguishes the ideas and souls (minds) (Berman 1995). Also, Berkeley created the theory of material objects and the theory of idealistic sensationalism, using a notion of secondary qualities of Locke. Berkeley wrote a lot of works and the most famous works of them are: An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision(1709), Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge(1710), Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous (1713), Alciphron, or The Minute Philosopher(1732), Siris: A Chain of Philosophical Reflexions and Inquiries (1744) and many other (Hughes 1865). Berkeley was one of the founders of idealism, taking an active part in the struggle between the two philosophical camps; his teaching put vividly the fundamental question of philosophy. The philosophy of Berkeley continues to attract the attention of contemporary philosophers because of its educational value, because it clearly shows all the greatest evils of philosophical thought. Without a doubt, Berkeley is an outstanding classic of idealism. He formulated all the basic arguments of idealism, which can be put against materialism. He clearly raised the question of the relationship between objective and subjective in the feelings and the question about the causes and types of existence. His works affect the fundamental scientific knowledge and raise questions which are still not answered.

The Coming Of Age Essay -- essays research papers

The Coming of Age   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Childhood is a time where children learn about the world around themselves. They see and experience many factors that influence their everyday lives, which help them grow stronger when they become adults. In 'Girl'; by Jamaica Kincaid and 'The Lesson'; by Toni Cade Bambara the characters within the stories learn valuable lesson with help them grow to become better individuals. In 'The Lesson'; the character of Sugar undergoes a realization that society does not treat everyone equally, that not every individual has the same opportunity and equality that they should have. In 'Girl'; the main character learns that she must be perceived as a woman and not as a slut, her mother brings to her attention of how the world is and what she must to do in order to survive in it. Lessons that children learn all help them grow to become better individuals, in 'Girl'; and 'The Lesson'; the lessons that the characters learn both help them grow to become better and stronger individ uals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 'The Lesson'; the character, Sugar undergoes a realization of the world around her, through her teacher Miss Moore, Sugar notices that there is a better way of living in the world besides, her own little world with her friends. Sugar says, 'You know, Miss Moore, I don't think that all of us here put together eat in a year what that sailboat costs,'; (Bambara 452). Miss Moore is an African American woman who has broken through the expectation that society has placed on her class and on her color. Bambara presents Miss Moore as a very educated and intelligent woman, who has a college degree. With her knowledge Miss Moore sets out to educate the deprived and lower classed children and teach them of the world around them. She sets out to open their eyes, as well as their knowledge of the world around them. Miss Moore says, 'Imagine for a minute what kind of society it is in which some people can spend on a toy what it would cost to feed a family of six or seven. Wh at do you think?,'; (Bambara 452).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sugar's realization of the world outside of her own, opens her mind to many questions that she never imagined before. She realizes that there is a better standard of living in the world and that society is not equal, as it should be, 'I think, . . . that this is not much of a democracy if y... ...woman and not be viewed as a slut. The daughter in 'Girl'; wants to rebel against her mother and not be viewed as a slut to society, therefore hoping that society will not look down upon her, if she does not do everything that the mother has taught her that she must do. In the stories of the 'Girl'; and 'The Lesson'; different lessons are learned, but the common realization of the world around them is learned by the characters and how each of the characters must learn to rebel against societies views. This realization helps them grow smarter and stronger as they grow older and come of age, from childhood to adulthood. Society has set standards for individuals to live by, but it is up to those individuals to break away, or live by the standards and views of society. 'It is not much of a democracy if you ask me. Equal chance to pursue happiness means an equal crack at the dough,'; (Bambara 452). In reality, society has set standards for everyone to live by. Those who break away from it are look down upon if they fail, but if they succeed they are praised by, this may be the only way to change societies views of gender, class, and race; it is by succeeding in everything that you do.

Suffering in Crime and Punishment :: Dostoevsky Crime and Punishment

Suffering in Crime and Punishment In the novel Crime and Punishment, by Fyodor Dostoevsky, suffering is an integral part of every character's role. However, the message that Dostoevsky wants to present with the main character, Raskolnikov, is not one of the Christian idea of salvation through suffering. Rather, it appears as if the author never lets his main character suffer mentally in relation to the crime. His only pain seems to be physical sicknes. Raskolnikov commits a premeditated murder in a state of delirium. He ends up committing a second murder, which he never ever wanted to be responsible for. He kills Lizaveta, an exceedingly innocent person. But does the author ever remind us of the murder at any time in the novel again? Not in the physical sense of the crime itself. The reader doesn't hear about how heavily the murders are weighing on his heart, or how he is tormented by visions of the crime. He doesn't feel the least bit guilty about having committed the crime, only his pride's hurt. He doesn't mention the idea of the pain that might arise from recurrent visions of the crime. Raskolnikov never again recalls the massive amounts of blood everywhere, the look on Lizaveta's face when he brings down the axe on her head. These things clearly show that the crime isn't what might cause him suffering, or pain, it is something else. After Raskolnikov is sent off to Siberia, he doesn't feel remorseful. His feelings haven't changed about his crime, he feels bad at not being able to living up to his own ideas of greatness. He grows depressed only when he learns of his mother's death. Raskolnikov still hasn't found any reason to feel remorse for his crimes. He takes Siberia as his punishment, because of how annoying it is to go through all these formalities, and ridicularities that it entails. Yet, he actually feels more comfortable in Siberia than in his home in St. Petersburg. It's more comfortable, and has better living conditions than his own home. But he isn't free to do whatever he likes. But this does not contradict what I've said before. He doesn't view Siberia as suffering, but he does view it as punishment, because he would rather not have to go through seven years in his prison cell. His theory of the extraordinary, and the ordinary is something he has to follow and adhere to . Suffering in Crime and Punishment :: Dostoevsky Crime and Punishment Suffering in Crime and Punishment In the novel Crime and Punishment, by Fyodor Dostoevsky, suffering is an integral part of every character's role. However, the message that Dostoevsky wants to present with the main character, Raskolnikov, is not one of the Christian idea of salvation through suffering. Rather, it appears as if the author never lets his main character suffer mentally in relation to the crime. His only pain seems to be physical sicknes. Raskolnikov commits a premeditated murder in a state of delirium. He ends up committing a second murder, which he never ever wanted to be responsible for. He kills Lizaveta, an exceedingly innocent person. But does the author ever remind us of the murder at any time in the novel again? Not in the physical sense of the crime itself. The reader doesn't hear about how heavily the murders are weighing on his heart, or how he is tormented by visions of the crime. He doesn't feel the least bit guilty about having committed the crime, only his pride's hurt. He doesn't mention the idea of the pain that might arise from recurrent visions of the crime. Raskolnikov never again recalls the massive amounts of blood everywhere, the look on Lizaveta's face when he brings down the axe on her head. These things clearly show that the crime isn't what might cause him suffering, or pain, it is something else. After Raskolnikov is sent off to Siberia, he doesn't feel remorseful. His feelings haven't changed about his crime, he feels bad at not being able to living up to his own ideas of greatness. He grows depressed only when he learns of his mother's death. Raskolnikov still hasn't found any reason to feel remorse for his crimes. He takes Siberia as his punishment, because of how annoying it is to go through all these formalities, and ridicularities that it entails. Yet, he actually feels more comfortable in Siberia than in his home in St. Petersburg. It's more comfortable, and has better living conditions than his own home. But he isn't free to do whatever he likes. But this does not contradict what I've said before. He doesn't view Siberia as suffering, but he does view it as punishment, because he would rather not have to go through seven years in his prison cell. His theory of the extraordinary, and the ordinary is something he has to follow and adhere to .

The Light Bulb: One of the Most Useful Inventions in the World

People need light to be able to see. In the morning, there is sunlight. But in the night, people use electric light made from light bulbs. Without light bulbs, people would not be able to see and would have to rely on their other senses to do tasks. Without light bulbs, our lives would be very different. The light bulb is a very useful invention that people all over the world use every day. The creation of the light bulb can be traced back to the 19th century. In 1800, Humphrey Davy made the arc lamp (â€Å"Lighting†). But the arc lamp was very dangerous because light was made by sparks, increasing the chance of fire (Burnie 52). In 1860, Joseph Swan made an incandescent light bulb. But the light bulb had many disadvantages. The light bulb burned out in an hour and it cost a lot of money (Burnie 52). Also, the filament was made of pure carbon, so when the carbon burnt, it filed the bulb with soot (â€Å"Lighting†). Then in 1879, Thomas Edison made a better incandescent (a term for heat-driven light emissions) light bulb. Time News reported, â€Å"Thomas Edison is the creator of the first commercially viable light bulb. † His incandescent light bulb was efficient, affordable, and safe (Fletcher). It took Edison years to make an incandescent light bulb. First he used a platinum filament and used a vacuum pump to reduce the oxygen level in the bulb, so it would be harder for a fire to start (Mintz 83). Later, he coated the filament with magnesium. He tested the bulb. Its electrical resistance was only 3 ohms, meaning that it doesn’t glow brightly. But it did glow for 13 hours and 38 minutes, proving it’s possible to keep a filament lit for long periods of time. Then he decided to use carbon because it was cheap and had a high melting point (Mintz 86). He used a fat piece of carbon, but its electrical resistance was only 2 ohms (Mintz 88). Then he made the piece thinner and longer, so the electrical resistance increased to 113 ohms (Mintz 89). Mintz said, â€Å"For example, if the same amount of water was put in a straw and a big water pipe, the pressure of the water in the straw would be a lot more† (90). Electrical resistance works the same way. Because he made the filament smaller, its electrical resistance increased, but it burned out in a few seconds. Finally, he made a filament that gave the best results. He used a piece of carbon, boiled in sugar and alcohol, and then baked in an over. Its electrical resistance was 107 ohms and it lasted 170 hours. Thomas Edison wrote in his diary, â€Å"My light is perfected† (Mintz 90). Thomas Edison created an incandescent light bulb, but now there are many others. One of them is a standard light bulb. It is an incandescent light bulb with 20 inches of filament made by tungsten (a metal discovered in 1912) surrounded by gases. It makes yellow-white light, but its efficiency is only 8%, meaning that only 8% of the electricity input is used to make light. The other 92% is used as heat or is passed to the other end of the filament. A daylight bulb is an incandescent light bulb, but is made to give the color and feel of daylight. It is made of many colors (Burnie 53). A fluorescent bulb works by passing current through a tube, producing ultraviolet radiation. The radiation hits the phosphorous coating, making light through chemical process. The bulb lasts about 10,000 hours. There is also a compact fluorescent bulb. They work like normal fluorescent bulbs, but are smaller and screw into sockets like incandescent light bulbs. Compact fluorescent bulbs also last about 10,000 hours (Kremer). Another type of bulb is low-pressure sodium lamp. It contains a little sodium, so it takes a few minutes to light up. The light it makes is almost pure yellow. A high-pressure sodium lamp contains sodium and aluminum. It makes pink-blue light. It is very efficient (Burnie 53). Another type of light is LED (light emitting diode). Compared to all the other types of light bulbs, LEDs are very unique and different. They have no filament, have a long life span, produce no heat, are very efficient, and one bulb is less than an inch long and about a centimeter wide. Unfortunately, they are very expensive. For under-the-cabinet lighting in a kitchen, one strip of it costs about $100 (Kremer). Overall, there are many different light bulbs now, and more will be invented in the future. There are many different light bulbs for different uses. Each light bulb can be used in at least one way or another. For example, daylight bulbs are used inside of buildings (Burnie 53). So are incandescent bulbs, fluorescent, compact fluorescent, and LED (Kremer). Low-pressure and high-pressure sodium lamps are used outside. More specifically, low-pressure sodium lamps are used in less populated areas, such as driveways. High-pressure sodium lamps are used in more populated ideas, such as streets. Incandescent bulbs, compact fluorescent, and LED bulbs are used in appliances and household objects, such as microwaves, flashlights, and cars (Burnie 53). All these bulbs help us see. Bulbs used inside buildings help us find objects in the night. Street lights make it safer to go bike riding, walk, or drive a car outside when it is dark. Bulbs used in household objects and appliances help us in many ways. For example, the bulb inside a refrigerator enables us to see food. The light in a flashlight helps us see in places where there is no light. All in all, light bulbs have many uses. The invention of the light bulb is very useful and everyone uses it. Without the light bulb, our lives would be very different. We would either have to use candles and risk the chance of fire, or not use candles and not be able to see at all in the night. I think that light bulbs help us every day, day and night, and are less dangerous than fire and candles.

Influence on Culture Essay

Surely, not all upper middle class professionals in their late twenties or early thirties shared the same values or ideals. The media, however, used to popularize a certain image of the yuppie with features that became stereotypical and reflected, at least in the journalists’ opinion, the dominant trends in this environment. The yuppie was used to describe not only certain demographic characteristics, but also to denote a psychographic profile including â€Å"a set of behavioural and psychographic attributes that have come to constitute a commonly believed stereotype† (Wikipedia). Thus, yuppie values were supposed to be more conservative than even their parents who were often involved in social programs and idealistic movements of the 1960s and 1970s. Yuppies, on the contrary, were people tended to favour stability and devote more attention to their own problems instead of trying to reform the society. Stability for yuppies was embodied in ownership of material things. In their choice of purchases, they supposedly demonstrated a poor taste buying more expensive stuff in order to show off their wealth. Their lifestyle was heavily impacted by career demands. Career was a necessary prerequisite for sustaining a life of comfort, and its requirements acquired a paramount importance. This resulted in a frequent lack of time that took a heavy toll on their families. Family relationships were often jeopardized by the necessity to move to a different place once in a few years under the influence of the career necessity. The strain in their professional lives often resulted in moral and mental exhaustion, aggravated by the high level of competition in high-income jobs that has been labelled a rat race. Climbing a career ladder in a corporate environment requires a specific set of skills and mentality that were fostered by the yuppies with great persistence. Too often this career-making drive affected their relationships with families and friends. Yuppies were also believed to share â€Å"an entire code of unwritten etiquette can govern their activities from golf and tennis to luncheons at trendy cocktail bars† (Wikipedia). Although the yuppie social group was to some extent invented by the media, the existence of the social and political concept of this group had an undeniable influence on the conceptualisation of social realia by the contemporary society. This perception of social reality was bound to exert influence on cultural life and lead to several talented portrayals of the new groups in artistic works. The artists, unlike the media, often focused on the positive characteristics of the yuppie social group. A typical representative of the class â€Å"had high educational achievement, a high income, enjoyed urban life, had a success orientation, and was a hard worker† (Kawasaki 1994). They were able to achieve affluence in one swoop and therefore did not feel pressured to maintain aristocratic attitudes. As a result, the new generation was less obsessed with gender, racial or regional distinctions. There was even the term â€Å"buppie† – black yuppie. The yuppie generation was portrayed in the works by Jay McInerney, Bret Easton Ellis and Jill Eisenstadt, the most prominent writers of the yuppie era. The biggest success of their literature was the 1984 novel Bright Lights, Big City by McInerney. The novel also features a character seeking refuge from challenging professional environment in â€Å"Bolivian marching powder† (cocaine) to offset the continuous stress associated with crazy yuppie lifestyle (Nostalgia Central). Bret Easton’s most remarkable work was Less Than Zero (1985) in which he describes â€Å"New Lost Generation†, and Eisenstadt became famous with From Rockaway (1987). Tom Wolfe’s The Bonfire of the Vanities also depicted the effect of a decadent lifestyle on yuppie culture. This tender portrayal of the newly emerged social group was offset with indignation over lavish yuppie lifestyles, manifested through â€Å"Die Yuppie Scum† bumper stickers. Influence on Fashions Yuppies left a lasting impact on fashions of the 1980s, naturally affecting most the segment for expensive designer apparel. Their dressing style was supposed to demonstrate â€Å"conspicuous wastage† (Tomas 2001). They wore wide shouldered jackets in the day time, and on the weekends they changed to a Barbour for a country look or a ballgown that manifested their comfortable lifestyle.

Comparison between Jack Welch and Larry Page for Tracking Out the Dissertation

Comparison between Jack Welch and Larry Page for Tracking Out the Ultimate Leaded - Dissertation Example Two great leaders like Jack Welch and Larry Page has been considered and a comparative study has been performed on their leadership qualities. Jack Welch is considered as the man behind General Electric’s (GE) success story during the period 1980 to 1990. Despite being of young age and having less experience, Welch went on to perform better than his predecessor (Mayo and Nohria, 2005). Larry Page who is quite well known as a manager has made positive contributions towards Google. He created the algorithm known as Page Rank ranking the different existing websites. Google has used this site successfully to publish an order of the sites on the web (JBC on Journal Ranking, 2012). Although leadership and management are distinct concepts, yet they complement each other. Both the concepts play an important role for business growth and prosperity. But as per the current scenario of US Companies’ it is found that there management is excessive for these companies but they lack ab le leaders. A company requires a strong combination of both leadership and management in order to prosper. The ability of a leader lies in accepting upcoming business challenges and in dealing effectively with those challenges in the business world (Kotter, 1990). However leadership goals are mainly ambitious one but the managers set goals as per the needs of the company. Managerial culture has more rationality embedded in it and differs a lot from the culture which leaders bring within their companies. Leadership is known to have more practical implications while managers operate more on the notion of efficiency (Zalzenik, 2004). It has been found for business growth more concentration needs to be placed on the notion of effectiveness rather than efficiency (Drucker, 2006). Companies’ Board of Directors are now in constant search of business leaders to be the CEOs of their companies. They are not content with mere experience of the candidates for eligibility (Khurana, 2002). With this at the backdrop it can be argued that Jack Welch can be considered as a better leader than Larry Page being a business leader rather with the technical background like Page. The paper intends to support such an argument by making a comparison of the leadership qualities of Jack Welch and Larry Page for tracing out the more able and ultimate leader among both of them thereby taking a look at the background of the two great leaders. In recent times the established business schools running the MBA courses are entrusted with the job of selecting those candidates who have the capability of becoming able mangers in the future. Such a selection of applicants is done by testing their leadership qualities. High marks in GMAT are not considered as the sole indicator of managerial skills (Training Mangers not MBAs, n.d., p.81). Business schools are criticized if they fail in creating able leaders. Without leadership qualities the business schools may not be able to come up with grad uates who have real managerial potentials and can do well in corporate sector. Such a failure may be considered equivalent to a crisis arising in management study. Such MBA graduates in future may assume high positions in management of business schools and for this leadership qualities are essential (Bennis and O’Toole, 2005). The main objectives of businesses are to obtain fruitful outcomes. An organization’

Combustion Effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Combustion Effects - Essay Example Global warming however considered a misnomer is a concern across the world for its perceived impacts. The following are some of the Global warming has direct impacts on agriculture. While the increased temperatures may lead to more water especially in artic and other bordering areas, the soils are poor for agriculture. Unfortunately, these temperatures may also increase the encroachment of arid environment to the currently agriculturally productive areas. This lead to a net deficit in food production to feed the growing world population (Hughes, 2000). The heat waves that are produced as a result to the increased temperature may have adverse health impact on mankind. Warm temperature may also be associated with newer diseases and migration of pathogenic parasites (Hughes, 2000). Most areas in the world are low-lying. Any minimal change in the sea level might lead to flooding of such areas. This leads to low production of those areas and might force emigration of the population to other areas. Guan, W., Liang, J., & Wang, B. (2013, March). Combustion Front Expanding Characteristic and Risk Analysis of THAI Process. In International Petroleum TechnologyConference.International Petroleum Technology

Grief Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Grief - Assignment Example The struggles to search for him were characterized by sleepless nights and huge expenditures as we all offered ourselves to ensure his survival. K.L was the most supportive member of the family who all of us admired. He was humble, honest, and charming; this made us love him the most. When he went missing and finally died in unknown circumstances, we were hurt more than if it was someone else. The saying by Lewis revived my pain and grief. I now feel as if the sorrowful events that I experienced during the period of lose have just recurred. After reading the saying, I tried to compare what I feel when people in the neighborhood die and what I felt for K.L.; there is a big difference between in the pain and grief I experience when a distant person dies or encounters worst situations. Lewis’s saying reflected on my experiences by reminding me the intense pain and grief I experienced after the disappearance and burial of K.L. According to Winokuer and Harris (2012), reading statements of grief and pain resets the painful and grievous memories of the past found in the sub-conscious mind. This is true because as human beings forget the past, anything related to their life events makes them recall past occurrences. I belief that there is a way we would be honest with ourselves and have it in a different way. Pain and grief are natural elements that all human beings must experience as long as they love. However, we should not anguish forever and destroy our lives. Winokuer and Harris (2012 assert that people experiencing grief should seek the services of a counselor to enable them appreciate situations and take care of their lives. Grief manifests itself through several ways, and it occurs in stages with each stage bringing different emotions (Holleran, 2006). Grief manifests itself through shock; shock constitutes a natural form of adaptation that prevents the victims from the impact of death

Questions Of Exam Of History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Questions Of Exam Of History - Essay Example 5. What is the â€Å"Donation of Constantine† and why was it important in the Middle Ages?Before the start of Christianity, idol worship was common and many tribes and people prefer to use images and stones for the sake of worship. In this process, they consider them as a source of help and support for carrying out their routine activities. In other words, they were of the opinion that idol worship was essential. More importantly, this practice was caused by the fact that, at that time, there was no religion and no prophet had preached to them. However, the idol worship started to fade as prophets along with the message of Lord guided them and informed them about the true God.6. What reading or image so far in the course has been the most interesting and rewarding for you, and why? You must give examples and support details to explain your choice, not just a variation on "I just liked it." The image mentioned in the question number 4 considerably fascinates attraction. First, the image is a perfect depiction of the Lord Jesus and reverence for His work and effort for the moral and ethical betterment of the Christian faith. More importantly, the crucifixion of Jesus and feelings of people sitting below highlights one of the greatest sacrifices of Jesus for promoting this faith. Such contribution is rare in the entire history of Christianity as many of the followers only provided the limited share of sacrifice when their sacrifice share is compared with the sacrifice given by Jesus.

Can the U.S. Government Still Be Regarded as a Federal System of Essay

Can the U.S. Government Still Be Regarded as a Federal System of Government - Essay Example Across America’s history, federalism has been defined in different ways. Cooperative federalism implies that the two forms of government are to work in collaboration with one another. Dual federalism supposes that the two forms of government are working separate from one another. Creative federalism relates to a combined planning and decision making system amongst the two. Horizontal federalism relates to the interaction and shared programs amongst them while vertical federalism means the conventional systems of federal governance whereby the actions of the central government are considered to be supreme as interpreted by the constitution. Every state in the US is characterized with its own positions relative to legal authority and political importance. Although states are not considered sovereign entities they can assume power and take actions relative to the functions of other governmental set ups (McKAY, 2001). The US Constitution had established division of authority among st the state and federal governments that had initially put restraints on the federal government in areas of foreign policy, defense and the controls over currency and commerce amongst states. Over time, this bifurcation of authority has been diluted and currently the federal government enjoys extended authority relative to almost aspects impacting US citizens. However, despite such increase in federal authority, states in the US continue being very significant centers of governmental functioning. Over the years, there have been different policies enacted by different Presidents in regard to reducing the federal government’s powers and vice versa.... This essya stresses that federalism is understood as a governance system whereby the constitution partitions power amongst the state and central governments and both governments take direct actions relative to the people they rule, in terms of the prevailing laws. It is understood that both entities are supreme in the context of their respective spheres of authority. The central and state governments are required to give their consent in the event of proposals being made for changing the constitution. Very rarely does federalism appear in discussions and debates pertaining to modern public policies. A good feature of federalism is that it retains power, traditions and local dignity while permitting the central government to deal with common issues. This paper makes a conclusion that the founders of the Constitution displayed a great deal of loyalty towards their respective states and were not inclined to provide unlimited powers to the central government. While framing the Constitution, the founders created a document that greatly succeeded in bifurcating powers while creating a balance in favor of the nation as a whole. However, it is widely perceived that over the decades the US has diverted from what was intended by the founders of the Constitution because the original intent was not to provide the federal government with extensive authority over issues relative to law enforcement, housing and education

What is Innovation and can businesses encourage it Essay Example for Free

What is Innovation and can businesses encourage it Essay Innovation in business is the application of new ideas in any business process. This includes the products produced and the firm’s processes. It is therefore important for business to encourage innovation to enable them to be sustainable in the market in the long run CITATION Mar98 l 1033 (Mark, 1998). Marketing Research One of the key themes of marketing is for an organization to efficient, timely and customer-centered care and allows customers to easily make the right decisions. Marketing places emphasis on organizations sharing information with each other and working together in secure areas. It also provides updated information on highly specialized matters that are to be delivered immediately to the right place. Marketing is the source for all information for step-change in service delivery. Fairness is a key theme of the legal and ethical frame works of marketing. It proposes that consumers will likely compare their situations with other customers to ensure fairness. Fairness enables marketers to predict the responses of consumers to marketing actions. Marketers should able to differentiate between procedural and distributive justice to understand how consumers perceive fairness. Making fair decisions requires marketers to have forethought and intelligence to make a sale. It is wise to develop the moral fibers of fairness, because ethical problems often bite into profits CITATION She07 l 1033 (Shelton, Epstein, Davila, 2007). For example it is unethical to sell a product or service to consumers at different prices, with an aim of gaining financial advantage. When conducting a marketing transaction, it is unethical to charge an unreasonable price to a consumer. Every consumer expects to be treated fairly as this reflects on the overall corporate image of an organization. Ethical marketing efforts and decisions should suit and meet the needs of consumers, business partners and suppliers. Competitive analysis is essential in marketing as it helps a company to access any competitive threats to its development and penetration of the walk-in market. The organization is bound to enjoy a significant competitive advantage over any competitor who would try to penetrate the walk-in market. This assessment which is based upon  the company’s source of competitive edge stems from extensive customer list, qualified management personnel, in-depth knowledge and expertise of the marketing industry. An example of t his is the marketing research conducted by Apple Inc. before the rolling out of their products into the global market. They conduct thorough research on the consumers and come up with innovative products for the customers CITATION Jas09 l 1033 (Jason, Kenneth, Greg, 2009). Research and Development Marketing mix-promotional strategies also contribute to successful implementation with the right marketing delivered to the right consumers at the right time. Marketing has to be on-going to strengthen interest and promotional and multi-level to draw attention to progress of the company. Success of a company will depend on the support and contributions the partner organizations that are involved. The contribution and support succeeds if the individual partner companies feel they have benefits from the collaboration. Target Market is a key deliverable in marketing that can be used by Apple Inc. to establish an appropriate market for each segment. For maximum effectiveness, marketing to their clients should be targeted carefully to suit each of them comfortably. It must also be a frequent, consistent and on-going process throughout the lifecycle of the zoo. The available information has to be up-to-date and reliable. Apple can segment its market by focusing on the demographic variables of its clients. These include social class, gender, income, age and family lifecycle. This will give them competitive advantage since there will be a wide variety of data that will make it possible to measure consumer preferences for the activities in the zoo. Segmenting the target market based on demographic variables, will have a direct impact on the interests of the clients in zoo services CITATION How10 l 1033 (How is Google innovative? , 2010). The mechanisms for target marketing should be selected from the zoo sources depending on the audience and objectives each marketing piece. This will give the marketing team at Apple Inc. a thorough understanding of how often and how their clients use their services. Apple Inc.’s target market should be based on social class. This will ensure maximum effectiveness which is important since it reinforces the value of the benefits and gaining additional support. The using social class as their target market is to effect information sharing and to develop an effective collaborative model that can be replicated across its diverse services. Target marketing will allow the marketing team to maintain the effectiveness of its services through transition and influence clients of their target market to participate through the forums and avenues provided. Staff Benefits There are several benefits of innovation to the staff of any business. Of particular importance is the freedom of expression where the staffs are allowed to be creative and offer some of their ideas to the management. In the process of doing so it makes the staff motivated as it makes them part of the process of creation of ideas in the business. Google Inc. for instance allows its employees and staff to participate in the innovative process hence the creation of some of its successful products. In conclusion this essay explore the importance of innovativeness in any business and how it propels the business to unlevelled heights of success as seen in the example of Apple Inc. and Google CITATION She07 l 1033 (Shelton, Epstein, Davila, 2007). References Forrant, R. (2011). Approaches to Sustainable Development: The Public University in the Regional Economy. Massachusetts : Univ of Massachusetts Press. How is Google innovative? . (2010). Retrieved 2014, from Netease: http://money.163.com/10/0331/10/633K6P9700253VNE.html Jason, D., Kenneth, L., Greg, L. (2009). Who captures value in a global innovation network? : the case of Apples iPod. Mark, R. (1998). The definition and measurement of innovation Report No. 10-98. Melbourne: Melbourne institute working paper. Shelton, R. D., Epstein, M. J., Davila, T. (2007). The Creative Enterprise. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group. Thomas, H. (2008). Reverse Engineering  Google’s Innovation  Machine. Source document

Closure of a large amount of mental hospitals

Closure of a large amount of mental hospitals There are many reasons as to why such a large amount of mental hospitals closed down, but to explore the reasons why they closed, we must look at the rise of the large institutions between the 19th century and the 1980s to understand its demise, why so many were built and why, for a small time period, they were successful. The mental hospital is defined as a hospital for the care and treatment of patients affected with acute or chronic mental illness. Between the 19th century and the 1980s, the mental hospital has been defined as the carer for mental illness. But after this golden age of care for mental illness, it has become a victim of decareration ever since leading to a decrease in mental hospitals and its admissions, but why? The discharge of a patient was once known as a good thing as it symbolised the success of that hospital through moral treatment (later replaced by psychiatric treatment) but even before this there was a much harsher system with the use of chains and straightjackets being the norm. As in the case of King George III who himself suffered from mental illness; patients were not seen as human beings, he was encaged, starved and beaten. The philosophy that therefore developed was the goal of a cure, to treat the patient in a therapeutic environment, To remove the patient from the midst of those circumstances under which insanity has been produced must be the first aim of treatmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦An entire change in the surroundings will sometimes of itself lead to recovery (Bean and Mounser 1993, 4 quoting Busfield, 1986) The mental hospital really began in Victorian times; hospitals were intentionally structured to be different from ordinary hospitals in terms of therapy, structure and location. (Rogers and Pilgrim 2010, 190). As where the general hospitals in the vicinity of a highly populated area, a mental hospital would have been deliberately built in a place that is not so populated. The mental hospital (or asylum as it was once known) is seen as a conventional and humane way with dealing with the mentally ill; one of the first legal acts to recognise this was the Lunacy Act of 1845 which made local counties build asylums and gave the authority to detain lunatics, idiots and persons of unsound mind. (Rogers and Pilgrim 2010, 190). It was enforced and regulated by the Lunacy Commission. At the time the only place for the mentally ill to go to were workhouses and private madhouses. As mentioned before this moral treatment was in reaction of the harsh treatment normally given. One of the first inst itutions to use moral treatment was the York Retreat, The York Retreat was opened in 1796 by the English Quaker community as a reaction against the harsh treatment used by other asylums. The belief at the time was that the mad were wild beasts. The retreat was opened from The consciousness felt by a small group of citizens of an overwhelming social evil in their midst (Rogers and Pilgrim 2010,198 quoting Jones 1960:40), although state-run asylums did not pick up this form of treatment for a while. Andrew Scull, an American sociologist argued that the mass amount of people detained in asylums was a product of urbanization, industrialisation and professional forces during the first half of the 19th century and that detainment in asylums was a way to control social deviance.(Rogers and Pilgrim 2010,190) The increase in wage labour meant that services were not good enough to deal with this new form of social deviance meaning that the mentally ill could not be looked after by the family or local community, and around this time the stigma of how mental illness was a loss of humanity changed to the loss of self -control among the public. Meanwhile the French sociologist Michel Foucault sees that this new found market economy promotes rationality, surveillance and discipline'(Rogers and Pilgrim 2010,190) But with this change of direction in the treatment of the mentally ill, many institutions began to fill up with patients rapidly overfilling local magistrates estimates, which lead to several extensions to a mental hospital. An example of this is the Conley Hatch mental hospital in London which opened in 1851 and shut down in 1993 and at its peak it held 3,500 patients. Many institutions promoted that they had the cure for mental illness, which led to a great surge in patients. In 1998, Gittens produced research into a mental hospital in Essex and followed the lives of staff and patients in the hospital and found many contradictions about mental hospitals. He found In relation to women patients it is clear for example that the hospital, based as it was on men-only and women-only wards constituted a women-only space and true asylum in a social context in which there was little such space in external community life (Rogers and Pilgrim 2010, 191) He also found that there needs to be a restriction against outside forces such as social, economic and political conditions as they affect peoples abilities to deal with such material. As mentioned, its primary ideals were to treat patients with moral treatment yet this was forgotten about early on in its life, with the exaggerated numbers which local magistrates didnt expect and such serious illnesses, political bodies were urging to keep costs down. Legal acts such as The Mental Treatment Act 1930 which allowed voluntary admissions to mental hospitals, it was also the act that got rid of the term asylum, and many mental hospitals found that it was not necessary to keep voluntary patients institutionalised. This led to a slight decrease in patients but it wasnt until the 1950s that its fall became apparent. Goffman (Rogers and Pilgrim 2010, 192) found that there were four types of institutions because of this: Nursing homes, where the incapable are cared for Sanatoriums for those who have who have an unwanted threat to the community. Prisons, where the welfare of the inmate is not of paramount importance Monasteries and convents for those who volunteer to be away from the world In 1948 the NHS was created, this led to all mental institutions being free for everyone, psychiatrists wanted this to broaden their field of study. The Mental Health Act of 1959 aimed to provide informal treatment for mentally ill patients with the possibility of detaining a patient against his/her will One of the starting points of the crisis was in 1961, Enoch Powell, the minster of Health at the time, believed that mental hospitals were doomed institutions, so in 1961 he drafted The Hospital Plan where he planned to build thousands more hospitals and abolish certain mental institutes. The discharge of patients had become the policy of the demise of the asylum, subsequently the Community care blue book was published which offered an alternative system to the mental hospital; where mentally ill patients would see a specialist for an appointment just like a regular doctor, the patient could then carry on with their lives and live at home. The patient could live a fairly regular life and would stop the segregation from normal society; it would entail the patient receiving treatment in a non-asylum setting such as in a district general hospital psychiatric unit. However it is argued that it is society that made the patient mentally ill in the first place, within the institutions there is a guaranteed market for experts services where specialists could hone their skills, yet the asylum grew out of a need to establish a social order. The asylum had many problems as Goffman points out, he believes in the mortification of self when being admitted to a mental hospital, with self being defined as being constructed by the pattern of social control which exists in an institution.(Rogers and Pilgrim 2010,192) The persons past identity is completely stripped, their movement is restricted, hospital issue clothes are given and any personal belongings are taken away, they are then obliged to disown their former selves through confessions with the staff, there is no such thing as privacy and freedom of choice is extremely limited with all activities on a schedule. Wings (1962) research shows that feelings of withdrawal and apathy in patients was caused by their length of stay in a ward and the lack of a stimulating environment, good medical leadership is not enough to reduce these feelings in patients, as he says it is unlikely that the functions of am energetic reformer can be built in to the social structure of an institution. As John Connolly points out once confined, the very confinement is admitted as the strongest of all proofs that man must be mad. by 1990 the average asylum held 961 compared to in 1930 which held 1221. Once the asylum had reached its peak size, it realised that the patient was losing their individuality through being guided by the institutions rules; this resulted in a problematized re-entry into society. Originally the asylums were urged to be built by humanitarians, today the opposite is true, community care is now seen to be therapeutic and humanitarian, their return to the community legitimised community care as it deflected attention away from the demise of state responsibility for the seriously mentally ill and the current crisis of abandonment. (Bean and Mounser 1993, 8) During the time where many large institutions were on the brink of collapse Martin (1985) conducted research into what they were failing, he found that many of the failures were with the nursing staff whom participated in inhumane, brutal and threatening behaviour and committed mass negligence on their patients. He asked two questions. How do trained carers become to behave contrary to professional standards? And how have hospitals been arranged in such a way that abuse and neglect have not been prevented? To answer he found 6 points: Large institutions were situated outside mass populated areas meaning they were cut off from the community Wards were isolated from each other, and were almost their own little world Un trained and un experienced staff were left to deal will large amounts of unruly patients, The worst wards were the ones rarely visited by a specialist, leaving the junior staff to do the work leading to a lack of leadership There was a lack of staff development through staff training courses etc There was a huge lack of privacy for the patients (Rogers and Pilgrim 2010, 194) These factors led scholars to doubt that the large asylums could be put right and doubted that they could be reformed. They believe that there is a huge corruption of care. Ultimately every single patient will leave a mental institute whether they are ready to return into society or not and the goal is to cease contact with the hospital afterwards, scholars believe that the hospital, now in a community based system, has less of an importance it once had and is only one institution among others. The community based system is where the patient makes their first and last contact with treatment, they will enter the hospital for a short time and continue their treatment in the community as their treatment does not require hospital admission. This process is known as deinstitutionalisation as patients will not be treated by hospital based treatment and instead will be by community based psychiatrists. However this is not new, in the old system the patient may have made his/her first contact with a G.P and then sent to a mental hospital for treatment, although this has not changed there are now community psychiatric teams to send the patient to the hospital an d to treat them inside and outside the hospital, The old system had a sole focus on the hospital, today it no longer directs, controls nor dictates the pace of treatment or care (Rogers and Pilgrim 2010, 196) There is a whole array of reasons discussed as to the demise of mental hospitals, one reason is the pharmalogical revolution which suggests that the advances in medical treatments, such as tranquilizers let patients be discharged in mass numbers, the introduction of chlorpromazine in 1952 made it easier to manage disturbed behaviour, and therefore easier to open wards that had been locked, to engage patients in social activities, and to discharge some of them into the community Rogers and Pilgrim 2010,197 quoting Gelder et al 2001,769) Scull blames economic determinism and decareceation for this massive decline in the use of mental hospitals, he believes that it was state sponsored policy of closing down asylums, with the emergence of the welfare state, segrative control mechanisms became too expensive. Inflation contributed by unpaid patient labour and cost of employees, ex-patients also required care which had considerable costs, community care was the cheaper option. Another reason would be the shift of focus from chronic conditions to acute conditions such as depression and anxiety which has been described as the common cold for mental health specialists, these acute conditions were once treated by mental hospitals but it has shifted to the GP and is easily treated by them meaning that the majority of people with mental heath problems never seek specialist treatment. Additionally, as mentioned before community care played a significant role in the downfall of asylums, many specialists found that a change of sce nery was very beneficial to the patient, even patients with long-term chronic illnesses can return to society and live in community residences with good results making the mental hospital useful for a short period yet quickly and easily disposed of at point of departure; no longer serving any purpose nor use to the ex-patient. However many studies have found that many psychiatric wards are non-therapeutic and that they share the same problems as they did in the Victorian era, mainly because , according to Goffman, they act as a repair garage; a problem is brought in, fixed and then sent out. Only medication is given, total care is not. A study conducted by Braginsky, Braginsky and Ring (1973) found that the minor patients all wanted to go home, while the more serious cases had no interest in leaving and instead maximised their comforts in the hospital as theyd rather stay in the hospital than become a victim of poverty outside . The focus has also shifted to the cause and solution of mental health, epidemiology (the study of patterns of health and illness in public health) and treatment were separated in the era of the mental hospital, today they are much closer, the hospital has disappeared leaving the attention to the inequalities in mental health prevention and positive mental health To conclude, the mental hospital has made leaps and bounds in the field of mental health with its aim to understand mental health scientifically and tried to cure mental illness, even though that was deemed impossible. Its failure was mainly due to costs and the shift of attention to other fields of treatment. Yet two types of institution has been created due to this, community mental health centres and district general hospital units both modern in their treatment. Although there are still many similarities, high risk patients are still held against their will. Overall the care is much more professional, information is available over the internet, telephone or even the television, but more importantly there is a focus on the patients life and freedom, many may argue that the government still no longer offers a complete care system, but its a start.